Subject: brownlie on african tripoints grand finale
Date: Dec 13, 2000 @ 18:36
Author: michael donner (michael donner <m@...>)
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to complete the set of 59 african tripoints
the 36 additions to the 23 individually posted between messages 970 & 1023
& assembled thanx again to jesper at
http://www.image.dk/~jesniel/border/african_tripoints.htm
are as follows

enjoy
m


cameroon central african republic chad

tripoint is either on the thalweg of the mbere river or its median line
just downstream from the village of mbere in central african republic
at approx
n lat 7d 31m 40s
e long 15d 29m 40s
but this is based on map evidence only
since none of the 3 convergent boundaries was demarcated as of 1979


cameroon central african republic congo

tripoint is located in the river sangha presumably at the thalweg
just upstream from the village of bomassa congo
possibly involving a flood zone &or other local complication
based on an inconsistent french colonial administrative trijunction
at approx
n lat 2d 13m 20s
e long 16d 11m 30s
but this is also based on map evidence only
since none of the 3 convergent boundaries was demarcated here either


cameroon chad nigeria

tripoint requires more precise determination
but has been fixed in southwestern lake chad since 1931 anglo french exchange
at n lat 13d 05m without qualification
yet for some reason only approximately at e long 14d 05m
possibly indicating a clerical oversight


cameroon congo gabon

tripoint is located in the intersection of the river ayina
with north latitude 2d 10m 20s
in very roughly e long 13d 15m
at the western terminus of the demarcated cameroun congo boundary
the state of whose markers however was unknown


cameroon equatorial guinea gabon

tripoint is located at
n lat 2d 10m 20s &
e long 11d 20m
where the demarcated cameroon equatorial guinea boundary meets the
demarcated equatorial guinea gabon boundary
at or near the confluence of the rivers kye & mvezeu on the cameroon gabon
boundary


central african republic chad sudan

tripoint was a matter of some uncertainty
owing to an imprecise description in a 1909 french administrative decree
but french official maps placed it
1km east of the mare de tizi
at the point where a small westward flowing stream crosses the undemarcated
boundary between the former anglo egyptian sudan & french equatorial africa
or at approx n lat 10d 57m & e long 22d 52m 30s
& maps by brownlie show this watercourse may be named aouk or nzili
or the pool of nzili


central african republic congo congo democratic republic

based on french administrative division
tripoint is presumptively on thalweg of ubangi river
&
based on maps by brownlie
also specifically at its confluence with the gouga river
just above the village of mboulou congo
& very roughly at
n lat 3d 30m
e long 18d 45m


central african republic congo democratic republic sudan

a candidate for global maxipoint
this tripoint is indicated by a huge heap of stones
on the ill defined congo nile watershed
but actually on a flat & featureless plain at
n lat 5d 01m 10s
e long 27d 26m 37s
where their 3 otherwise undemarcated boundaries meet
http://www.angelfire.com/md2/polystate3/index3.html


chad libya niger

this unmarked tripoint is located near
or perhaps precisely at integral geocoordinates
n lat 23 & e long 15
possibly in shifting dunes or pebbles
so orthodox demarcation might have been futile anyway
with all 3 convergent boundaries well marked on maps
& reasonably clear in practice


chad libya sudan

tripoint fixed by colonial convention at
n lat 19d 30m &
e long 24
is indicated by a heap of stones
at junction of 3 otherwise undemarcated boundaries


chad niger nigeria

tripoint is in northern lake chad
at n lat either 13d 42m 29s or approx 13d 42m 53s &
e long approx either 13d 38m or 13d 38m 20s
depending in both cases upon which page you believe
with the former latitude having been fixed by reference to the location of
an iron telegraph pole on a cemented base situated on the right side of the
mouth of the changeable river komadugu yobe about 1km south of the center
of the village of bosso niger
& the latter latitude arising from an unclear reference either to the
thalweg end or else to beacon number 148 located in the bush on the left
bank of the river either at its mouth or 30km upstream
& the longitude having been fixed 35km east of the center of bosso
but the net effect of all this cumulative uncertainty is that the tripoint
might fall anywhere within an area of several dozen hectares


congo democratic republic rwanda uganda

tripoint is the highest summit of mt sabinio or ssabinjo
at very roughly
s lat 1d 20m &
e long 29d 40m


congo democratic republic sudan uganda

unmarked tripoint at approx
n lat 3d 27m 40s &
e long 30d 50m 30s
was located imprecisely in 1914 british colonial order
& is described in the uganda constitution of 1967 as
a point about 300m south of the source of the river kaia


congo democratic republic tanzania zambia

indeterminate tripoint probably on the median line of lake tanganyika
northeast of an unknown cape at the north end of cameron bay
probably erroneously named cape akalunga
where it is met by an indeterminate congo democratic republic & zambia
boundary proceeding straight from the north end of lake mweru
or in other words at about
s lat 8d 13m or 8d 15m &
e long 30d 40m very roughly
a position actually in between capes kipimbi & pungu


djibouti eritrea ethiopia

tripoint is evidently at or near primary monument 92 of the 1954 djibouti
ethiopia demarcation
at n lat 12d 31m 31s552 &
e long 42d 27m 42s340
but the identification is not explicitly made by brownlie


djibouti ethiopia somalia

tripoint is at primary monument or pillar number 1 aka madaha djallelo
of 1953 franco ethiopian commission
in very roughly
n lat 11d &
e long 43d 57m


egypt libya sudan

tripoint was fixed by 1925 italo egyptian treaty at
n lat 22 & e long 25 tho a typo by brownlie says 24e
& it is shown by his maps perhaps 5km nw of jebel uweinat
but it was evidently still unmarked in 1979
despite some demarcation nearby of the libya sudan boundary


eritrea ethiopia sudan

later than brownlie & hence not mentioned as such by him
but it can be deduced that this tripoint falls where the river setit
crosses the established ethiopia sudan boundary
opposite the mouth of the khor royan
& just northeast of the village of umbrega sudan
at very roughly
n lat 14d 15m &
e long 36d 25m
based on his maps
or possibly e long 36d 37m according to a 1901 anglo italian agreement
while notes of a 1903 eritrea sudan commission also indicate that the
boundary started from a point marked by an iron post on the right bank of
the setit immediately opposite the mouth of the khor royan
despite the fact that the royan actually enters from the right bank


ethiopia kenya somalia

tripoint is on the thalweg of the daua river
according to one description
about 450m upstream from malca rie
& according to another
opposite pillar 1 of the kenya somalia boundary
which stands on the right bank
about 650m nw of the police post on the mandera dolo gedo road
at n lat 3d 58m 57s92 &
e long 41d 54m 36s43


ethiopia kenya sudan

the precise location of the tripoint remains to be determined
but it is probably at or near a rectangular pyramid called pillar d23
marking the terminus of the ethiopia kenya boundary survey
& situated on the shore of the former sanderson gulf of nw lake rudolf
about 200m south of the southeastern end of a rocky ridge called okolon
&or depending on texts
due east of the northernmost point of the northernmost crest of the long
spur running north from mt lubur
& just northeast of the village of namuruputh kenya
at very roughly
n lat 4d 30m &
e long 35d 55m


guinea guinea bissau senegal

tripoint is marked by pillar 58 of the guinea guinea bissau survey
standing at approx
w long 13d 42m 30s &
n lat 12d 40m 30s
tho the convergent senegal boundary with guinea bissau was previously fixed
by convention at n lat 12d 40m


guinea ivory coast liberia

tripoint is not precisely fixed
but is located somewhere on mt nuon in the nimba mts
evidently at or near the source of the river nuon
& just northeast of the village of nimba liberia
at very roughly
n lat 7d 35m &
w long 8d 25m


guinea ivory coast mali

the tripoint has not been fixed on the ground
but is located on various maps
at approx
n lat 10d 24m &
w long 7d 42m


guinea liberia sierra leone

on the left or south bank of the river makona or moa
at the junction of the dundugbia stream bed median line
witnessed or actually marked by cairn or pillar 1 of the 1911 anglo
liberian survey
which stands in the center of the dundugbia 3 meters from confluence
if not also by a broad arrow marking on a tree in sierra leone 6m to the west
& by a star marking on a tree in liberia 10m to the east
at very roughly
n lat 8d 30m &
w long 10d 20m


guinea mali senegal

unmarked tripoint is on the balin ko or upper faleme river
whether on the median line or thalweg or right bank is unclear
& along the crest of the konkoniouma mts
at very roughly
n lat 12d 25m &
w long 11d 20m


kenya sudan uganda

undemarcated tripoint described simply as
north of mt zulia
or approx 31 & a half miles on a bearing of 44d 45m from triangulation
point 9y1 on the summit of jebel urongo
or again as
the southernmost point at the bottom of jebel harogo
at very roughly
n lat 4d 15m &
e long 34d


kenya tanzania uganda

tripoint is in lake victoria
at s lat 1d &
approx e long 33d 56m


malawi mozambique tanzania

disputed tripoint is either at the median line of the mouth of the txuinde
river
on the east shore of lake nyasa
in about e long 34d 55m
or at the median line of lake nyasa due west of the txuinde median line
in about e long 34d 40m
but in either case at s lat 11d 34m 30s


malawi mozambique zambia

marked but still provisional tripoint is apparently
either beacon 1 of the 1899 anglo portuguese survey
precise geoposition unknown
probably on the peak chorasanu
& definitely along the crest of the zambezi nyasa watershed
aka the dzalanyama range
or else it is a cement masonry pillar named beacon 38 of the 1904 anglo
portuguese survey
situated just southeast of the former beacon
at precisely s lat 14
yet only approx e long 33d 14m 32s
but this is a very complex & difficult tripoint to pin down
with brownlie offering 97 pages on the malawi mozambique boundary alone
& including several mutually conflicting data about the tripoint itself


malawi tanzania zambia

tripoint marked by pillar 2 of the 1898 demarcation
at nankungulu hill evidently on the nyasa zambezi watershed
or s lat 9d 22m &
e long 33
but possibly replaced or rebuilt in 1935
& there is an unexplained reference also to a certain pillar 582


mali mauritania senegal

tripoint lies evidently at or near confluence of rivers senegal & faleme
probably on north bank of senegal
but possibly on its thalweg or median line
at very roughly
n lat 14d 45m &
w long 12d 15m


mozambique south africa swaziland north

mpundweni or mponduine beacon
aka pillar 1 or i
on crest of lebombo mts
at very roughly
s lat 25d 58m &
e long 31d 58m


mozambique south africa swaziland south

the tripoint is on the crest of the lebombo mts
in very roughly
s lat 26d 50m &
e long 32d
probably on the median line or thalweg of the great usutu aka maputo river
but the exact relationship of the tripoint to the river is uncertain


mozambique south africa zimbabwe

this tripoint is hard to determine with confidence
but it may lie at the junction of the fafuri & limpopo rivers
near beacon xiv of a 1927 portuguese south african survey
standing 200 meters from the bank & 321 meters from the confluence
in rather thick scrub & reeds on sandy ground
which however is under water when the rivers are in flood
or else the tripoint lies at the junction of the limpopo thalweg & the
prolongation of a final straight line sector of the mozambique zimbabwe
boundary marked nearby by pillar 1
according to a later anglo portuguese treaty & survey
if indeed these 2 descriptions are not merely different ways of defining
the same point
all together in any case situated at very roughly
s lat 22d 20m &
e long 31d 20m


mozambique zambia zimbabwe

tripoint is the thalweg junction of the zambezi & loangwa
at very roughly s lat 15d 35m &
approx e long 30d 25m 30s


rwanda tanzania uganda

tripoint is the thalweg junction of the kagera & kakitumba
at very roughly
s lat 1d 05m &
e long 30d 20m